Novum Organum

Bacon introduces the next section: the reasons, or causes, why current thinking has developed so poorly. He first identifies the limited time available in history, specifically in societies where learning has flourished, and the limited attention of people, who must also deal with other matters (for example, civic pursuits) or see natural science as a tool to serve other purposes rather than a priority.

Bacon asserts that the goal of natural science should be to serve humanity through new inventions that provide material improvements. He criticizes those who instead serve their own reputation or wealth. Bacon argues that currently, not only is there no clear end goal, but the path itself is confusing and circular. He identifies three established approaches of investigation: derivative work, based solely on existing findings; logic, using itself rather than external evidence as proof; and working from experience, the best approach. However, Bacon says that when this is not methodical and deliberate, it is like fumbling in the dark, as the broader context can’t be seen.

The next causes center on a lack of motivation to conduct meaningful research. The first is snobbishness about material observation being beneath the heights of the human mind.