History of the Peloponnesian War

The Syracusans are on the verge of surrender until a Corinthian commander tells them that Peloponnesian reinforcements are on their way. Spartan general Gylippus asks the Athenians to restore the peace by retreating, but they reject his offer. The combined Syracusan and Spartan forces push back the Athenians. Nicias decides to send a letter to Athens describing the dire situation its troops face. He writes a letter to ensure his message will not be “distorted in the course of transmission” (483).

Thucydides reproduces Nicias’ letter, in which he explains that Sicily has united against Athens. They have trapped the Athenians in their fortifications. The soldiers are tired, and foreign conscripts are deserting. Nicias asks Athens either to recall the expedition or to send reinforcements. The Athenian assembly votes to send reinforcements. They also position twenty ships to prevent the Peloponnesians from crossing to Sicily. The Spartans prepare to invade Attica.

In Attica, Spartan King Agis fortifies Decelea, meaning Athens’ enemy has established a base camp within its borders. Gylippus brings a large force to Syracuse, while Athens sends ships around the Peloponnese. The Syracusans hold Plemmyrium, a critical strategic fort. Financial difficulties in Athens force the levying of an import-export tax.